The Southern Highlands region of Tanzania has witnessed an increased frequency of severe flash

floods.

This study aims to explore the impact of climate change on mental health among vulnerable groups, including low-income populations, Indigenous communities, children, women, and the elderly, to highlight their unique vulnerabilities and mental health outcomes. This aligns with the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being) and SDG 13 (Climate Action), addressing the need for climate resilience and mental health equity

The marine accidents are among the main components of the Zanzibar Disaster

Management Policy (2011) and the Zanzibar Blue Economy Policy

(2020). These policies aimed to institute legal frame works and procedures for

reducing both the frequency of marine accidents and their associated fatalities.

These fatalities include deaths, permanent disabilities and loss of properties

which may result into increased poverty levels as per the sustainable development

goal one (SDG1) which stipulates on ending the poverty in all its

forms everywhere. Thus, in the way to support these Government efforts, the

influence of climate and weather on marine accidents along Zanzibar and

Pemba Channels was investigated.

The Earhs climate is changing, and the global  climate is projected to keep on changing over the current century and beyond. warmer temperatures are expected to change weather patterns, and disrupting the usual balance of nature. this in turn poses significant risk to human beings and all other forms of life on earth.

Understanding projected changes in climate extremes at local and regional scales is critical for reducing society’s vulnerability to such extremes, as it helps to devise informed adaptation strategies and contributes to informed decision-making processes. In this paper, we analyse projected changes in climate extremes across regions in Tanzania using outputs of high-resolution regional climate models from the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment program (CORDEX-Africa).

Natural and human systems are exposed and vulnerable to climate extremes,

which contributes to the repercussions of climate variability and the probability

of disasters. The impacts of both natural and human-caused climate variability

are reflected in the reported changes in climate extremes. Particularly

at the local community levels in the majority of the regions, there is currently

a dearth of information regarding the distribution, dynamics, and trends of

excessive temperatures among the majority of Tanzanians. Over the years

1982-2022, this study examined trends in Tanzania’s extreme temperature over

the June to August season. Based on the distinction between absolute and percentile

extreme temperatures, a total of eight ETCCDI climate indices were

chosen. Mann-Kendall test was used to assess the presence of trends in extreme

climatic indices and the Sen’s Slope was applied to compute the extent

of the trends in temperature extremes

Understanding projected changes in climate extremes at local and regional scales is critical for reducing society’svulnerability to such extremes, as it helps to devise informed adaptation strategies and contributes to informed decision-making processes. In this paper, we analyse projected changes in climate extremes across regions in Tanzania usingoutputs of high-resolution regional climate models from the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experimentprogram (CORDEX-Africa). The indices analysed here are those recommended by the Expert Team on Climate ChangeDetection and Indices (ETCCDI) to characterise climate extremes over different regions. The results revealed thatTanzania would experience an increased number of warm days and nights during the present, mid, and end centuriesunder the RCP4.5 emission scenarios The number of consecutive wet days (CWDs) and consecutive dry days (CDDs) arelikely to increase across regions. Areas along coastal regions would experience increased intensity and frequency ofextreme rainfall events in the present, mid, and end centuries under the RCP4.5 emission scenario. These increases inextreme climate events are likely to pose significant damage to property, destruction of infrastructure, and othersocioeconomic livelihoods for people in many regions of Tanzania. It is therefore recommended that appropriate policiesare put in place to help different sectors and communities at large adapt the impacts of extreme climatic events.

The East African short rainy season (October-November-December) is one of

the major flood seasons in the East African region. The amount of rainfall during

the short rainy season is closely related to the lives of the people and the

socio-economic development of the area. By using precipitation data and sea

surface temperature data, this study reveals the spatial and temporal variation

patterns of extreme precipitation during the East African short rainy season.

Key findings include significant rainfall variability, with Tanzania experiencing

the highest amounts in December due to the southward shift of the Intertropical

Convergence Zone (ITCZ), while other regions receive less than 100 mm.

Extreme rainfall events (90th percentiles) are evenly distributed, averaging 2 to

10 days annually. Historical data shows maximum seasonal rainfall often peaks

at 15 mm, with frequent occurrences of daily rainfall exceeding 10 mm during

OND. Additionally, a positive correlation (0.48) between OND precipitation

extremes and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) anomalies is statistically significant.

These findings highlight the climatic variability and potential trends in extreme

rainfall events in East Africa, providing valuable insights for regional climate

adaptation strategies.

UTABIRI WA MVUA ZA MSIMU (NOVEMBA, 2023 – APRILI, 2024)

This review discusses a simple family of models capable of simulating tropical cyclone

life cycles, including intensification, the formation of the axisymmetric version of boundary layer

shocks, and the development of an eyewall. Four models are discussed, all of which are axisymmetric,

f -plane, three-layer models. All four models have the same parameterizations of convective mass

flux and air–sea interaction, but differ in their formulations of the radial and tangential equations

of motion, i.e., they have different dry dynamical cores. The most complete model is the primitive

equation (PE) model, which uses the unapproximated momentum equations for each of the three

layers. The simplest is the gradient balanced (GB) model, which replaces the three radial momentum

equations with gradient balance relations and replaces the boundary layer tangential wind equation

with a diagnostic equation that is essentially a high Rossby number version of the local Ekman

balance. Numerical integrations of the boundary layer equations confirm that the PE model can

produce boundary layer shocks, while the GB model cannot. To better understand these differences

in GB and PE dynamics, we also consider two hybrid balanced models (HB1 and HB2), which differ

from GB only in their treatment of the boundary layer momentum equations. Because their boundary

layer dynamics is more accurate than GB, both HB1 and HB2 can produce results more similar to the

PE model, if they are solved in an appropriate manner.

Statement on the status of Tanzania climate 2022

The study employed the triangulation approach to investigate the impact of climate variability on selected socioeconomic indicators, particularly food production, health and education, and how much climate variability and its impact on those indicators was realized and understood among the women living in Jambiani community in Zanzibar.

This paper studies the design of water-saving irrigation system based on Internet

of things. The structural model of the water-saving irrigation system

was established, and the hardware and software of the control system were

designed, with emphasis on the design and coverage calculation of the sensor

nodes in the wireless sensor network. The wireless network and control system

are tested, including network coverage, network connection, optimal

communication distance and accuracy of data transmission. The experimental

results show that the data transmitted by the wireless sensor is accurate

and reliable, and the software and hardware of the automatic control system

can work normally.

In recent years, extreme climatic events such as heavy rainfall and droughts are common and have contributed to the loss of lives, damage of properties, destruction of the environment and socio-economic livelihood of people predominantly in many developing countries. Characterizing these events to understand their temporal and spatial evolution is of great considerable benefit to different sectors; for instance, energy, agriculture, health and water resource sectors. In this study, we use the outputs of regional climate models to characterize the temporal and spatial evolution of extreme climatic events over Tanzania. Results reveal that all regions across Tanzania are projected to experience a statistically significant increased frequency of extreme climatic events related to temperatures. However, the frequency of extreme climatic events related to rainfall is projected to increase at a non-significant level across most regions. The presented increase in extreme climatic events is likely to pose significant damage to the agriculture sector,

Tanzania is highly vulnerable to climate change and at the bottom quartile of readiness score to

address its impacts in the global sample. Tanzania is a major food producer, and heavily depends

on rain-fed agriculture, but recurrent floods and droughts are increasing in frequency and

severity. The Tanzanian authorities acknowledge climate change as a major challenge and are

seeking to boost resilience, but the implementation of such plans is at its infancy. Tanzania

authorities have expressed interest in the Resilience and Sustainability Trust (RST) to support its

efforts to tackle climate change challenges. Against this backdrop, this SIP: (i) presents stylized

facts of climate change trends in Tanzania; (ii) examines the macroeconomic impact of climate

change, including on economic sectors and food security; (iii) reviews the policy response and

explores additional steps for building resilience and improving coping mechanisms; and (iv)

analyzes financing implications and sources for climate change adaptation and mitigation

This paper investigates the value of weather and climate information at different time scales for decisionmaking

in the Tanzanian disaster risk reduction sector using nonmonetary approaches. Interviews and surveys were conducted

with institutions responsible for disaster management at national, regional, and district levels.Arange of values were

identified, including 1) making informed decisions for disaster-preparedness-, response-, recovery-, and restoration-related

activities; 2) tailoring of directives and actions based on sectoral impacts; and 3) identification of hot-spot areas for diseases

outbreaks and surplus food production. However, while a number of guidelines, policies, acts, and regulations for disaster

risk reduction exist, it is not clear how well they promote the use of weather and climate information across climate-sensitive

sectors. Nonetheless, we find that well-structured disaster risk reduction coordination across sectors and institutions from

the national to the district level exists, although there is a need for further development of integrated early warning systems

and a common platform to evaluate effectiveness and usefulness of weather warnings and advisories

Statement on the status of Tanzania climate 2021

The study investigated the influence of Tropical cyclone (TCs) to the plant

productivity indices along the coast of Tanzania using both field observations

and change detection methods. These indices are normally designed to maximize

the sensitivity of the vegetation characteristics and are very crucial in

monitoring droughts intensity, yield and biomass amongst others. The study

used three types of satellite imageries including the 16 days Moderate Resolution

Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) of 250 °ø 250 m resolution; 8 days

Landsat 7 enhanced thematic mapper (ETM) with resolution of 30 °ø 30 m

composites, and 5 Landsat 8 (LC8) images, to determine the patterns and the

variability of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Enhanced

Vegetation Index (EVI) and TCs impacts on vegetation. Moreover, we

used Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) data and the daily to

monthly rainfall data from Tanzanian Meteorological Authority (TMA).

Availability of reliable and timely weather and climate information services is very crucial for resilience building, planning for adaptation and in implementing efforts to reduce the increasing negative social, environmental, and economic consequences of the climate change and variability. Continual monitoring of weather and climate, and provision of accurate, timely and reliable climate services including early warning of impending hydrometeorological hazards significantly contribute to reducing and managing climate change and climate variability impacts.

Watersheds and rivers are vital ecological features for the provision of hydrological services for the health, welfare and

prosperity of human communities. Nevertheless, anthropogenic activities coupled with climate change and climate

variability are blamed to have degraded watersheds and rivers and lowered their capacity to water. To restore the

situation it is important to understand why and how water shortages are occurring. This paper reports findings of a study

carried out to identify and assess drivers of water shortages and adaptation strategies to climate change and variability in

Pangani River Basin of Tanzania. To assess the influence of climate change and variability on hydrological flow and

water shortages, time series data on rainfall and temperature were compiled from the Tanzania Meteorological Agency.

We also used structured questionnaires to collect data on villagers’ perceptions about the drivers of water shortages and

adaptation strategies. Results indicated a decreasing trend of water flow (p < 0.05) at Kikuletwa-Karangai gauging station

along Pangani River Basin. Trend analysis indicated a slight decrease of rainfall and increase of temperature. Although

there are no empirical evidence to associate climate change with the decline of rainfall and water flow, adaptation

measure need to be put in place in order to fight against the increasing climate variability, reduced water flow and the

projected climate change. Therefore, watershed conservation strategies should also focus on improving the welfare of the

local communities. Therefore, involvement of stakeholders in the entire PRB is crucial towards watersheds conservation

for steady flow of hydrological services.

The main aim of this study is to identify the factors affecting the big onion productivity of

Hambantota district during the off-season. Moreover, we identify the average productivity per acre from

Hambantota district and compare it with the other areas that cultivated the big onion. Further, identify the

main issues encountered in big onion cultivation in Hambantota and identify the critical contributing

factors for the big onion cultivation in this area.

Tanzania has inadequate weather stations (28-synoptic weather stations),

which are sparsely distributed over complex topographic terrain. Many places,

especially rural areas, have no stations to monitor weather and climate. In

this study, we evaluate the performance of ENACT-MAPROOM products

over Tanzania with the aim of assessing their potential to supplement observed

weather and climate data, especially over areas where there is limited

number of weather stations. Monthly rainfall total and monthly averaged

minimum and maximum temperatures from ENACT-MAPROOM are evaluated

against observed data from 23 weather stations. The evaluation is limited

to analyze how well the ENACT-MAPROOM products reproduce climatological

trends, annual cycles and inter-annual variability of rainfall,

minimum and maximum temperatures

This article assesses the contribution of the Global Framework for Climate Services Adaptation Programme in Africa (GFCS APA) in the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process for Tanzania. Different research project outputs (field survey and workshop reports) produced during the implementation of GFCS APA are reviewed to assess the contribution of GFCS APA programme in the establishment and implementation of NAP process in Tanzania. It is found that the implementation of GFCS-APA programme in Tanzania has improved the availability, accessibility, and applicability of climate information to different stakeholders. This has in turn attributed to significant use of climate information in planning and decision making in target sectors: agriculture and food security, disaster risk reduction, energy, health and water resource management. This has increased the adaptation capacity of vulnerable communities from the impacts of climate variability and change. Furthermore, it is evident that the aims and objectives of establishments of NAP process in Tanzania have been addressed through implementation of GFCS APA Programme. Moreover, since the GFCS APA in Tanzania is implemented within its five pillars namely: observation and monitoring, research, modeling and prediction, climate information systems, user interface platform and capacity development. The achievement made in each pillar contributed in enhancement of resilience of vulnerable communities to climate variability and change hence addressing the aims and objectives of NAP process in Tanzania. Therefore, it is recommended that achievements of

Statement on the status on Tanzania climate 2019

Statement on the Status of Tanzania Climate 2015

There is sufficient evidence supporting that climate change and variability are pervasive realities that are strongly impacting on smallholder farmers in the Great Ruaha River subBasin of Tanzania.

The long-term climate datasets are widely used in a variety of climate analyses. These datasets, however, have

been adversely impacted by inhomogeneities caused by, for example relocations of meteorological station, change

of land use cover surrounding the weather stations, substitution of meteorological station, changes of shelters,

changes of instrumentation due to its failure or damage, and change of observation hours. If these inhomogeneities

are not detected and adjusted properly, the results of climate analyses using these data can be erroneous. In

this paper for the first time, monthly mean air temperatures of the United Republic of Tanzania are homogenized

by using HOMER software package. This software is one of the most recent homogenization software and

exhibited the best results in the comparative analysis performed within the COST Action ES0601 (HOME).

Monthly mean minimum (TN) and maximum (TX) air temperatures from 1974 to 2012 were used in the analysis.

To describe the evolution of atmospheric processes and rainfall forecast in Tanzania, the Advanced

Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF-ARW) model was used. The principal objectives

of this study were 1) the understanding of mesoscale WRF model and adapting the model for Tanzania;

2) to conduct numerical experiments using WRF model with different convective parameterization

schemes (CP’s) and investigate the impact of each scheme on the quality of rainfall forecast;

and 3) the investigation of the capability of WRF model to successfully simulate rainfall

amount during strong downpour. The impact on the quality of rainfall forecast of six CP’s was investigated.

Two rainy seasons, short season “Vuli” from October to December (OND) and long season

“Masika” from March to May (MAM) were targeted

Statement on the status on Tanzania climate 2014

Statement on the status of Tanzania climate 2013

Climate change is a global challenge to both sustainable livelihoods and economic development. In Tanzania as in most African countries, farming depends almost entirely on rainfall, a situation that makes agriculture and thus rural liveli- hoods especially in semiarid environments particularly vulnerable to climate change. This study analyses the impacts of climate change and variability on rural livelihoods with particular focus on agricultural production, food security and adaptive capacities in semiarid areas of Tanzania.

Statement on the status on Tanzania climate 2011

This paper describes how farmers in the South-western Highland of Tanzania predict rainfall using local

environmental indicators and astronomical factors. The perceptions of the local communities on

conventional weather and climate forecasts were also assessed. The study was conducted in Rungwe

and Kilolo districts in Mbeya and Iringa regions respectively. Participatory rural appraisal methods, key

informant interviews and focus group discussions were used in data collection and the collected data

was analyzed using Statistical package for social science. It has been found that plant phenology is

widely used by local communities in both districts in seasonal rainfall forecasting. Early and significant

flowering of Mihemi (Erythrina abyssinica ) and Mikwe (Brachystegia speciformis ) trees from July to

November has been identified to be one of the signals of good rainfall season. The behaviour of

Dudumizi bird has been singled out as one of the best indicator for rainfall. Both Indigenous Knowledge

specialists and TMA experts have predicted 2009/2010 rainfall season to feature normal to above

normal rainfall. Systematic documentation and subsequent integration of indigenous knowledge into

conventional weather forecasting system is recommended as one of the strategy that could help to

improve the accuracy of seasonal rainfall forecasts under a changing climate.

This is a Technical Paper of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change prepared in response to a decision of the Panel. The material herein has undergone  expert and government review, but has not been considered by the Panel for possible acceptance or approval.

Tropical cyclones, also known as hurricanes in the Atlantic and typhoons in the Pacific, typically form over the ocean where there is a sufficiently strong Coriolis force and when the sea surface temperature is at least 26.5°C (Dare and Mcbride,  2011). Several regions of the global oceans meet these criteria at certain times of year, allowing cyclone formation to take place. Timing of the cyclone season varies among the different oceanic regions, with November to April being the tropical cyclone season for the southwest Indian Ocean.